1) After workout meal should be ASAP. Carbs should be simple
2) Not sure. Does it work for them? Have you tried it? If you have a nice balanced diet IMO you won't be needing it.
3) Obviously the amount of protein intake is not the same for everyone. Experiment.
I feel I can't answer questions 4 & 5

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Fear of doing things isn't preventing you from dying, it's preventing you from living

Pain is good. It makes you know that you are still alive.